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SELECT Statement in SQL

The SELECT statement is used to query the database and retrieve selected data that match the criteria that you specify.
The SELECT statement has five main clauses to choose from, although, FROM is the only required clause. Each of the clauses have a vast selection of options, parameters, etc. The clauses will be listed below, but each of them will be covered in more detail later in the tutorial.
Here is the format of the SELECT statement:
SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT] column1[,column2]
FROM table1[,table2]
[WHERE “conditions”]
[GROUP BY “column-list”]
[HAVING “conditions]
[ORDER BY “column-list” [ASC | DESC] ]
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
and
SELECT * FROM table_name
DISTINCT Clause
The DISTINCT clause allows you to remove duplicates from the result set. The DISTINCT clause can only be used with select statements.
The syntax for the DISTINCT clause is:
SELECT DISTINCT columns     FROM tables     WHERE predicates;
Example #1
Let’s take a look at a very simple example.
    SELECT DISTINCT city
    FROM suppliers;
This SQL statement would return all unique cities from the suppliers table.
Example #2
The DISTINCT clause can be used with more than one field.
For example:
   SELECT DISTINCT city, state
    FROM suppliers;
This select statement would return each unique city and state combination. In this case, the distinct applies to each field listed after the DISTINCT keyword.
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Oracle Forms Builder

A typical database schema contains dozens of tables, each with several columns of various data types. We develop applications (forms, reports, menus, etc.) to make the job of manipulating data in those tables easier for users. In Oracle Forms, a form (or data entry form) acts like a window into the database schema. An individual focuses the attention of the user to one or a few of the tables at a time. In addition, a form can give prompts so the user knows what kind of input is expected and how data is to be entered and manipulated.
By default, every form in Oracle Forms has the capability to query existing data in a table, modify existing data and add new data (records) to the table. A form is built up using one or more data blocks that correspond to tables in the database. Fields within the data block correspond to columns in the database table. A data block is similar to a DataWindow object in PowerBuilder. In the following figure, a typical form is shown.
Oracle Developer9i provides various Graphical User Interface (GUI) tools to create functional applications from database definitions, without writing any code. You can use these tools to create, manage, and deploy integrated applications.
Some tools provided by the Oracle Developer9i are:

  1.       The Forms Builder
  2.       The Reports Builder
  3.       The Discoverer Administrator
  4.       The Discoverer Desktop

The Forms Builder
You can use the Forms Builder to easily and quickly construct multi-lingual and interactive database forms, charts, and business logic. Applications developed using Oracle Forms Builder can be instantly deployed over the Internet using the Oracle Internet Application Server.
Some features of the Forms Builder are:
Legacy Application Integration: Enables migration of existing client-server applications to the Internet using rich Java user interfaces.
Developer Productivity: Develop applications quickly with:
            Easy-to-use re-entrant wizards to create blocks and relations.
            Property pallets to set visual attributes.
            Shared libraries and templates to enforce standards.
            Easy PL/SQL scripting for triggers and business logic.
            Debugging across application and database logic.
            PL/SQL code exchange between application and database.
            Live previewers to test your application and version control and impact analysis.
Oracle8i Integration: Enables you to leverage Oracle8i features, such as transaction management, resource management, advanced queuing, and parallel server to share application resources.
Scalability: Enables you to deliver scalable applications that perform across any network inside or outside firewall.
Manageability: Enables you to manage and configure multiple application servers from a single location with Oracle Enterprise Manager.
Internationalization: Enables you to develop applications that can be translated easily with multi-language support.
Enterprise Application Development: Supports application development through a built-in forms server, which receives CGI requests from thin clients, such as browsers and serve the appropriate request.
Interoperability: Is completely interoperable with Java and contains Enterprise Java Beans, Servlets and hosts smart applets. It is also compatible with object technologies, such as CORBA and COM+.
Reduces downtime: Supports previously offline DBA routines, such as database backup, restore, DDL statements through application routines. This reduces the downtime for the Oracle Database Server.
Form Types
There are four main types of forms that can be designed

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Basics of PL/SQL

PL/SQL stands for Procedural Language extension of SQL.
PL/SQL is a combination of SQL along with the procedural features of programming languages. It was developed by Oracle Corporation in the early 90’s to enhance the capabilities of SQL.
PL/SQL Environment
PL/SQL is not an Oracle product in its own right; it is a technology used by the Oracle server and by certain Oracle tools. Blocks of PL/SQL are passed to and processed by a PL/SQL engine, which may reside within the tool or within the Oracle server. The engine that is used depends on where the PL/SQL block is being invoked from. When you submit PL/SQL blocks from a Oracle precompiler such as Pro*C or Pro*Cobol program, userexit, iSQL*Plus, or Server Manager, the PL/SQL engine in the Oracle Server processes them. It separates the SQL statements and sends them individually to the SQL statements executor.

A single transfer is required to send the block from the application to the Oracle Server, thus improving performance, especially in a client-server network. PL/SQL code can also be stored in the Oracle Server as subprograms that can be referenced by any number of applications connected to the database.
Many Oracle tools, including Oracle Developer, have their own PL/SQL engine, which is independent of the engine present in the Oracle Server. The engine filters out SQL statements and sends them individually to the SQL statement executor in the Oracle server. It processes the remaining procedural statements in the procedural statement executor, which is in the PL/SQL engine. The procedural statement executor processes data that is local to the application (that is, data already
inside the client environment, rather than in the database). This reduces the work that is sent to the Oracle server and the number of memory cursors that are required.
Advantages of PL/SQL
These are the advantages of PL/SQL.
Block Structures: PL SQL consists of blocks of code, which can be nested within each other. Each block forms a unit of a task or a logical module. PL/SQL Blocks can be stored in the database and reused.
Procedural Language Capability: PL SQL consists of procedural language constructs such as conditional statements (if else statements) and loops like (FOR loops).
Better Performance: PL SQL engine processes multiple SQL statements simultaneously as a single block, thereby reducing network traffic.
Error Handling: PL/SQL handles errors or exceptions effectively during the execution of a PL/SQL program. Once an exception is caught, specific actions can be taken depending upon the type of the exception or it can be displayed to the user with a message.
Architecture
The PL/SQL language is a robust tool with many options. PL/SQL lets you write code once and deploy it in the database nearest the data. PL/SQL can simplify application development, optimize execution, and improve resource utilization in the database.
The language is a case-insensitive programming language, like SQL. This has led to numerous formatting best practice directions. Rather than repeat those arguments for one style or another, it seems best to recommend you find a style consistent with your organization’s standards and consistently apply it. The PL/SQL code in this book uses uppercase for command words and lowercase for variables, column names, and stored program calls
PL/SQL also supports building SQL statements at run time. Run-time SQL statements are dynamic SQL. You can use two approaches for dynamic SQL: one is Native Dynamic SQL (NDS) and the other is the DBMS_SQL package. The Oracle 11g Database delivers new NDS features and improves execution speed. With this release, you only need to use the DBMS_SQL package when you don’t know the number of columns that your dynamic SQL call requires. Chapter 11 demonstrates dynamic SQL and covers both NDS and the DBMS_SQL package.

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Basics of SQL

PL/SQL is a procedural language that Oracle developed as an extension to standard SQL to provide a way to execute procedural logic on the database.

SQL, SQL*Plus, PL/SQL: What’s the Difference?
This question has bedeviled many people new to Oracle. There are several products with the letters “SQL” in the title, and these three, SQL*Plus, SQL, and PL/SQL, are often used together. Because of this, it’s easy to become confused as to which product is doing the work and where the work is being done. This section briefly describes each of these three products.

SQL
SQL stands for Structured Query Language. This has become the lingua franca of database access languages. It has been adopted by the International Standards Organization (ISO) and has also been adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When you code statements such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, SQL is the language you are using. It is a declarative language and is always executed on the database server. Often you will find yourself coding SQL statements in a development tool, such as PowerBuilder or Visual Basic, but at runtime those statements are sent to the server for execution.

PL/SQL
PL/SQL is Oracle’s Procedural Language extension to SQL. It, too, usually runs on the database server, but some Oracle products such as Developer/2000 also contain a PL/SQL engine that resides on the client. Thus, you can run your PL/SQL code on either the client or the server depending on which is more appropriate for the task at hand. Unlike SQL, PL/SQL is procedural, not declarative. This means that your code specifies exactly how things get done. As in SQL, however, you need some way to send your PL/SQL code up to the server for execution. PL/SQL also enables you to embed SQL statements within its procedural code. This tight-knit relationship between PL/SQL, SQL, and SQL*Plus is the cause for some of the confusion between the products.

SQL*Plus
SQL*Plus is an interactive program that allows you to type in and execute SQL statements. It also enables you to type in PL/SQL code and send it to the server to be executed. SQL*Plus is one of the most common front ends used to develop and create stored PL/SQL procedures and functions.

What happens when you run SQL*Plus and type in a SQL statement? Where does the processing take place? What exactly does SQL*Plus do, and what does the database do? If you are in a Windows environment and you have a database server somewhere on the network, the following things happen:
   1. SQL*Plus transmits your SQL query over the network to the database server.
   2. SQL*Plus waits for a reply from the database server.
   3. The database server executes the query and transmits the results back to SQL*Plus.
   4. SQL*Plus displays the query results on your computer screen.

Even if you’re not running in a networked Windows environment, the same things happen. The only difference might be that the database server and SQL*Plus are running on the same physical machine. This would be true, for example, if you were running Personal Oracle on a single PC.

PL/SQL is executed in much the same manner. Type a PL/SQL block into SQL*Plus, and it is transmitted to the database server for execution. If there are any SQL statements in the PL/SQL code, they are sent to the server’s SQL engine for execution, and the results are returned back to the PL/SQL program.

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OAF Personalization

In Oracle Trade Management the links ‘About This Page’ & ‘Personalize Page’ links are not enabled on any page of Oracle Trade Management even though the required profile options ‘FND: Diagnostics’, ‘FND: Personalization Region Link Enabled’ ‘,’ Personalize Self-Service Defn’ are set to ‘YES’.
How to proceed further with personalisations/customizations in Oracle Trade Management?
Solution
Oracle Trade Management is built based on 2 different frameworks, OAF and JTF.
So in Oracle Trade Management the links ‘About This Page’ & ‘Personalize Page’ links are not enabled
The w-a is that :
there is another navigation for the Personalization of OA pages to do customizations from here:
Functional Administrator > Personalization Tab > Application Catalog
Search by Application = Trade Management and Document Path. e.g. for Create Special Pricing UI, Document Path =/oracle/apps/ozf/request/webui/SpRequestPartnerCreatePG
Click on Personalize Page UI.
Click on Apply Button.
This will take  Personalization Structure of this UI.
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